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Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells to communicate with each other. When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking, behavior and feelings can be affected. The brain has many distinct regions, each of which is responsible for different functions (for example, memory, judgment and movement). When cells in a particular region are damaged, that region cannot carry out its functions normally. Different types of dementia are associated with particular types of brain cell damage in particular regions of the brain. For example, in Alzheimer’s disease, high levels of certain proteins inside and outside brain cells make it hard for brain cells to stay healthy and to communicate with each other. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged. That’s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer’s.
A person with dementia might become agitated when once-simple tasks become difficult. To limit challenges and ease frustration we care by helping to manage the following: Schedule wisely. Establishing a daily routine. Some tasks, such as bathing or medical appointments, are easier when the person is most alert and refreshed. Take your time. Anticipate that tasks may take longer than they used to and schedule more time for them. Involve the person. Allow the person with dementia to do as much as possible with the least amount of assistance. For example, he or she might be able to set the table with the help of visual cues or dress independently if you lay out clothes in the order they go on. Provide choices. Provide some, but not too many, choices every day. For example, provide two outfits to choose from, ask if he or she prefers a hot or cold beverage. Provide simple instructions. People with dementia best understand clear, one-step communication. Limit napping. Avoid multiple or prolonged naps during the day. This can minimize the risk of getting days and nights reversed. Reduce distractions. Turn off the TV and minimize other distractions at mealtime and during conversations to make it easier for the person with dementia to focus.
Bringing up safety concerns is an important way to make family members aware of dementia behaviors. They may ask relatives or caregivers if:
Ask yourself if your senior family member’s safety needs are being met, or if they could use extra help to avoid dangerous situations.
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